Study Guide for Test

Study Guide for W21D1 Science Test - Open-Note Test

Be able to:

• Explain and define diffusion and osmosis.
  
• Explain which animal phyla can get oxygen to their cells using only diffusion/osmosis and why.
  
• List the major phyla of animals, and be able to give two examples of animals (common names OK) from: annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and chordates. 
  
• Know which of the following animals have a hydrostatic, external, or internal body skeleton: arthropoda, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, chordata, and mollusca.
  
• Define each type of skeleton above, and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.
  
• Be able to explain the primary differences between the digestive systems of cnidarians as opposed to nematodes, chordates, arthropods and annelids.
  
• Explain the different ways that different animal groups get oxygen: focus on the platyhelminths, cnidarians (coelenterates), mollusks, arthropods (remembering that insects have their own, distinctive system - know this system!), and different chordates - fish, amphibians, and mammals. (Know which of these groups have circulatory systems!)
  
• Define nematocysts, and explain their importance to the feeding strategies of cnidarians such as hydra.
• Compare sexual and asexual reproduction, and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each. Explain how and why the hydra uses both systems.
  
• Compare internal and external fertilization, and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.
  
• Define the amniotic egg and explain its importance.
  
• Explain the special features of mammalian reproduction, and their advantages and disadvantages.
  

• Trace the blood flow through the human body, including the chambers of the heart, in the correct order. 
  
• Label the chambers of the heart correctly on a diagram
  
• Explain the major parts of the human digestive tract in order, giving the primary function or importance of each, from esophagus to rectum.
  
• Label the major parts of the human digestive system on a diagram.
  
• Label the liver, kidneys, brain and spinal cord correctly on diagrams
  
• Label the three major regions of the brain correctly on a diagram, and explain the major function of each
  
• Explain the difference between afferent, efferent, and intraneurons
  
• Explain the difference between the Central Nervous System, the Peripheral Nervous System, and the Autonomic nervous system, and explain the major function of each
  
• Explain some of the most important functions of the liver. 
  
• Define one major disease of the liver, including its causes and treatment.
• Define one major disease of the kidneys, including its causes and treatment.
  
• Define nephrons and explain their importance.
• Explain why urea forms in the body, and how it is removed.
• Explain what a nerve synapse is, and how signals cross a nerve synapse. (For extra credit, how do anti-depressants drugs relate to this?)
• Explain some of the most important functions of the kidneys
  
• Be able to explain the structure of the human respiratory system; define and explain the function/importance of the trachea, bronchi, bronchia, and alveoli.